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Regel 1: Regel 1:
  +
Klassieke Oudheid en Middeleeuwen
  +
  +
5e eeuw voor Christus
  +
  +
500 voor Christus - stijgbeugel (India)
  +
  +
485 voor Christus - katapult (door koning Ajatashatru uit India)
  +
  +
485 voor Christus - strijdwagen met zeis (door koning Ajatashatru uit India)
  +
  +
5e eeuw voor Christus - gietijzer (Oud-China)
  +
  +
480 voor Christus - wenteltrap (in Silinunte, Sicilië).
  +
  +
407 voor Christus - kruiwagen in Griekenland
  +
  +
4e eeuw voor Christus
  +
  +
4e eeuw voor Christus - trebuchet in Oud-China
  +
  +
4e eeuw voor Christus - tandwielen in Oud-China
  +
  +
4e eeuw voor Christus - rietpen (schrijven met inkt op papyrus in Egypte)
  +
  +
375-350 voor Christus - Rosmolen in Cathargo
  +
  +
Vanaf de 4e eeuw voor Christus - corporatie in de Mauryadynastie of Oud-Rome
  +
  +
Late 4e eeuw voor Christus - cheque in Mauryadynastie
  +
  +
Late 4e eeuw voor Christus - ontwikkeling van Kaliumnitraat en militair gebruik ervan in Mauryadynastie
  +
  +
Late 4e eeuw voor Christus - formeel systeem gemaakt door Panini
  +
  +
4e tot 3e eeuw voor Christus - productie van zink in Noord-West India
  +
  +
3e eeuw voor Christus
  +
  +
3e eeuw voor Christus - analoge computer (Mechanisme van Antikythera)
  +
  +
3e eeuw voor Christus - Schroef van Archimedes (Oud-Griekenland)
  +
  +
vroege 3e eeuw voor Christus - kanaalsluis (in Suez )
  +
  +
3e eeuw voor Christus - nokkenas
  +
  +
* 3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata.
  +
* By the 3rd century BC: Water wheel. The origin is unclear: Indian Pali texts dating to the 4th century BCE refer to the ''cakkavattaka'', which later commentaries describe as ''arahatta-ghati-yanta'' (machine with wheel-pots attached). Helaine Selin suggests that the device existed in Persia before 350 BC. The clearest description of the water wheel and Liquid-driven escapement is provided by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC) in the Hellenistic kingdoms.
  +
* 3rd century BC: Gimbal described Philo of Byzantium
  +
* Late 3rd century BC: Dry dock under Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt
  +
* 3rd–2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft. Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).
  +
  +
==== 2nd century BC[edit] ====
  +
* 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50–121 AD) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.
  +
* Early 2nd century BC: Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga.
  +
  +
==== 1st century BC[edit] ====
  +
* 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic
  +
* 1st century BC: News bulletin during the reign of Julius Caesar. A paper form, i.e. the earliest newspaper, later appeared during the late Han dynasty in the form of the Dibao.
  +
* 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)
  +
* Before 40 BC: Trip hammer in China
  +
* 38 BC: an empty shell Glyph for zero, is found on a Maya numerals Stela, from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas.
  +
* Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water-wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain
  +
* 37-14: Glass blowing developed in Jerusalem.
  +
  +
==== 1st century[edit] ====
  +
* 1st century: The Aeolipile, a simple steam turbine is recorded by Hero of Alexandria.
  +
* 1st century: Vending machines invented by Hero of Alexandria.
  +
* By the 1st century: The double-entry bookkeeping system in India.
  +
* By 50 AD: Flamethrowers by the Early Cholas of Southern India (according to the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea).
  +
  +
==== 2nd century[edit] ====
  +
* 132: Seismometer and pendulum in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.
  +
* 2nd century: Carding in India.
  +
  +
==== 3rd century[edit] ====
  +
Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.
  +
* By at least the 3rd century: Crystallized sugar in India.
  +
* Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented in Han Dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. This made China become the world's first print culture.
  +
* Late 3rd–early 4th century: Water turbine in the Roman Empire in modern-day Tunisia.
  +
  +
==== 4th century[edit] ====
  +
* 280-550 AD: Chess in India during the Gupta Empire.
  +
* 4th century: Mariner's compass in Tamil Southern India: the first mention of the use of a compass for navigational purposes is found in Tamil nautical texts as the ''macchayantra''. However, the theoretical notion of magnets pointing North predates the device by several centuries.
  +
* 4th century: Cable suspension bridge in India, with early cables made of plaited bamboo and later cables of steel chain.
  +
* 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD work entitled ''Lives of Famous Immortals''.
  +
* 347 AD: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft).
  +
* 4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in ''De rebus bellicis'') in Roman Empire
  +
  +
==== 5th century[edit] ====
  +
* By the 5th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India. In India, practical calculations are carried out using zero, which is treated like any other number by at least the time of Aryabhata, even in case of division.
  +
* 400 AD: The construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi in Mathura by the Gupta Empire shows the development of rust-resistant ferrous metallurgy in Ancient India, although original texts do not survive to detail the specific processes invented in this period.
  +
* 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD. The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.
  +
* 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman EmpireA Nepali Charkha in action
  +
  +
==== 6th century[edit] ====
  +
* By the 6th century: Incense clock in India.
  +
* after 500 AD: Charkha (spinning wheel/cotton gin): invented in India (probably during the Vakataka dynasty of Maharashtra), between 500 and 1000 A.D.
  +
* 563 AD: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire
  +
* 577 AD: Sulfur matches exist in China.
  +
* 589 AD: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.
  +
  +
==== 7th century[edit] ====
  +
* 650 AD Windmill in Persia
  +
* 672 AD: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes. However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious, and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.
  +
* 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.
  +
* 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.
  +
  +
==== 8th century[edit] ====
  +
* 700 AD: Manmade pinhole camera, still extant, in the Virupaksha Temple in Karnataka, India, during the Chalukyas of Vatapi.
  +
  +
==== 9th century[edit] ====
  +
A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.
  +
* 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907). The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the ''Wujing Zongyao'', a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).
  +
* 9th century: Degree-granting university in Morocco
  +
  +
==== 10th century[edit] ====
  +
* 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang. Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons.
  +
* 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.
  +
  +
==== 11th century[edit] ====
  +
* 11th century: Ambulance by Crusaders in Palestine and Lebanon
  +
* 11th century: Early versions of the Bessemer process are developed in China.
  +
* 11th century: Endless power-transmitting chain drive by Su Song for the development an astronomical clock (the Cosmic Engine)
  +
* 1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the ''Dream Pool Essays'', which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.
  +
  +
==== 12th century[edit] ====
  +
* 12th century: Bond trading in France.
  +
  +
==== 13th century[edit] ====
  +
* 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China.
  +
* 13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe.
  +
* 13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening or closing clothes appear first in Germany.
  +
* 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (''huo pao'') to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.
  +
* 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy
  +
* 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city. The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs", coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.
  +
* 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the ''Yuanshi'' (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or ''chongzu'', this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used.
  +
* 13th or 14th century: worm gear cotton gin in Peninsular India (i.e. probably under the Yadava dynasty although may also be the Vijayanagara Empire or Bahmani Sultanate).
  +
  +
==== 14th century[edit] ====
  +
* Early to Mid 1300s: Multistage rocket in Ming Dynasty China described in ''Huolongjing'' by Jiao Yu.
  +
* By at least 1326: Cannon in Ming Dynasty China
  +
* 14th century: Jacob's staff invented by Levi ben Gerson
  +
* 14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the ''Huolongjing'' military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg.
  +
  +
==== 15th century[edit] ====
  +
* Early 15th century: Coil spring in Europe
  +
* 15th century: Mainspring in Europe
  +
* 15th century: Rifle in Europe
  +
* 1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire
  +
* 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.
  +
* Mid 15th Century: The Arquebus (also spelled Harquebus) is invented, possibly in Spain.
  +
* 1451: Caravel, a small, highly-maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese
  +
* 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe in Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa
  +
  +
==== 16th century[edit] ====
  +
* 1560: Floating Dry Dock in Venice, Venetian Republic
  +
* 1569: Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator
  +
* 1589: Stocking frame: Invented by William Lee.
  +
* 1594: Backstaff: Invented by Captain John Davis.
  +
* By at least 1597: Revolver: Invented by Hans Stopler.
  +
*
  +
 
[[Huwan]]
  
[[Huwan]]
   
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[http://wikikids.wiki.kennisnet.nl/Gebruiker:Gerarddummer/Project:NHW]
  
[http://wikikids.wiki.kennisnet.nl/Gebruiker:Gerarddummer/Project:NHW]
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hier de tekst
  
hier de tekst
 
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* '''Moderatoren''' kijken op het [[Portaal:Moderator|Moderatorportaal]].
 
* '''Moderatoren''' kijken op het [[Portaal:Moderator|Moderatorportaal]].
 
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* de lucht in de troposfeer bestaat voor al uit stikstofgas en zuurstofgas;
  
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* doordat er veel waterdamp in de troposfeer zit, ontstaan hier ook de meeste wolken en neerslag.
  
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koufront en warmtefront
  
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Versie van 18 jan 2021 17:56

Klassieke Oudheid en Middeleeuwen

5e eeuw voor Christus

500 voor Christus - stijgbeugel (India)

485 voor Christus - katapult (door koning Ajatashatru uit India)

485 voor Christus - strijdwagen met zeis (door koning Ajatashatru uit India)

5e eeuw voor Christus - gietijzer (Oud-China)

480 voor Christus - wenteltrap (in Silinunte, Sicilië).

407 voor Christus - kruiwagen in Griekenland

4e eeuw voor Christus

4e eeuw voor Christus - trebuchet in Oud-China

4e eeuw voor Christus - tandwielen in Oud-China

4e eeuw voor Christus - rietpen (schrijven met inkt op papyrus in Egypte)

375-350 voor Christus - Rosmolen in Cathargo

Vanaf de 4e eeuw voor Christus - corporatie in de Mauryadynastie of Oud-Rome

Late 4e eeuw voor Christus - cheque in Mauryadynastie

Late 4e eeuw voor Christus - ontwikkeling van Kaliumnitraat en militair gebruik ervan in Mauryadynastie

Late 4e eeuw voor Christus - formeel systeem gemaakt door Panini

4e tot 3e eeuw voor Christus - productie van zink in Noord-West India

3e eeuw voor Christus

3e eeuw voor Christus - analoge computer (Mechanisme van Antikythera)

3e eeuw voor Christus - Schroef van Archimedes (Oud-Griekenland)

vroege 3e eeuw voor Christus - kanaalsluis (in Suez )

3e eeuw voor Christus - nokkenas

  • 3rd century BC: Cam during the Hellenistic period, used in water-driven automata.
  • By the 3rd century BC: Water wheel. The origin is unclear: Indian Pali texts dating to the 4th century BCE refer to the cakkavattaka, which later commentaries describe as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached). Helaine Selin suggests that the device existed in Persia before 350 BC. The clearest description of the water wheel and Liquid-driven escapement is provided by Philo of Byzantium (c. 280 – 220 BC) in the Hellenistic kingdoms.
  • 3rd century BC: Gimbal described Philo of Byzantium
  • Late 3rd century BC: Dry dock under Ptolemy IV (221–205 BC) in Hellenistic Egypt
  • 3rd–2nd century BC: Blast furnace in Ancient China: The earliest discovered blast furnaces in China date to the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, although most sites are from the later Han Dynasty.The earliest fore-and-aft rigs, spritsails, appeared in the 2nd century BC in the Aegean Sea on small Greek craft. Here a spritsail used on a Roman merchant ship (3rd century AD).

2nd century BC[edit]

  • 2nd century BC: Paper in Han Dynasty China: Although it is recorded that the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) court eunuch Cai Lun (born c. 50–121 AD) invented the pulp papermaking process and established the use of new raw materials used in making paper, ancient padding and wrapping paper artifacts dating to the 2nd century BC have been found in China, the oldest example of pulp papermaking being a map from Fangmatan, Gansu.
  • Early 2nd century BC: Astrolabe invented by Apollonius of Perga.

1st century BC[edit]

  • 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic
  • 1st century BC: News bulletin during the reign of Julius Caesar. A paper form, i.e. the earliest newspaper, later appeared during the late Han dynasty in the form of the Dibao.
  • 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)
  • Before 40 BC: Trip hammer in China
  • 38 BC: an empty shell Glyph for zero, is found on a Maya numerals Stela, from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas.
  • Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water-wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain
  • 37-14: Glass blowing developed in Jerusalem.

1st century[edit]

  • 1st century: The Aeolipile, a simple steam turbine is recorded by Hero of Alexandria.
  • 1st century: Vending machines invented by Hero of Alexandria.
  • By the 1st century: The double-entry bookkeeping system in India.
  • By 50 AD: Flamethrowers by the Early Cholas of Southern India (according to the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea).

2nd century[edit]

  • 132: Seismometer and pendulum in Han Dynasty China, built by Zhang Heng. It is a large metal urn-shaped instrument which employed either a suspended pendulum or inverted pendulum acting on inertia, like the ground tremors from earthquakes, to dislodge a metal ball by a lever trip device.
  • 2nd century: Carding in India.

3rd century[edit]

Schematic of the Roman Hierapolis sawmill. Dated to the 3rd century AD, it is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism.

  • By at least the 3rd century: Crystallized sugar in India.
  • Early 3rd century: Woodblock printing is invented in Han Dynasty China at sometime before 220 AD. This made China become the world's first print culture.
  • Late 3rd–early 4th century: Water turbine in the Roman Empire in modern-day Tunisia.

4th century[edit]

  • 280-550 AD: Chess in India during the Gupta Empire.
  • 4th century: Mariner's compass in Tamil Southern India: the first mention of the use of a compass for navigational purposes is found in Tamil nautical texts as the macchayantra. However, the theoretical notion of magnets pointing North predates the device by several centuries.
  • 4th century: Cable suspension bridge in India, with early cables made of plaited bamboo and later cables of steel chain.
  • 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals.
  • 347 AD: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft).
  • 4th–5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire

5th century[edit]

  • By the 5th century: Numerical zero in Ancient India: The concept of zero as a number, and not merely a symbol for separation is attributed to India. In India, practical calculations are carried out using zero, which is treated like any other number by at least the time of Aryabhata, even in case of division.
  • 400 AD: The construction of the Iron pillar of Delhi in Mathura by the Gupta Empire shows the development of rust-resistant ferrous metallurgy in Ancient India, although original texts do not survive to detail the specific processes invented in this period.
  • 5th century: Horse collar in Southern and Northern Dynasties China: The horse collar as a fully developed collar harness is developed in Southern and Northern Dynasties China during the 5th century AD. The earliest depiction of it is a Dunhuang cave mural from the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty, the painting dated to 477–499.
  • 5th/6th century: Pointed arch bridge (Karamagara Bridge) in Cappadocia, Eastern Roman EmpireA Nepali Charkha in action

6th century[edit]

  • By the 6th century: Incense clock in India.
  • after 500 AD: Charkha (spinning wheel/cotton gin): invented in India (probably during the Vakataka dynasty of Maharashtra), between 500 and 1000 A.D.
  • 563 AD: Pendentive dome (Hagia Sophia) in Constantinople, Eastern Roman Empire
  • 577 AD: Sulfur matches exist in China.
  • 589 AD: Toilet paper in Sui Dynasty China, first mentioned by the official Yan Zhitui (531–591), with full evidence of continual use in subsequent dynasties.

7th century[edit]

  • 650 AD Windmill in Persia
  • 672 AD: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes. However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious, and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.
  • 7th century: Banknote in Tang Dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.
  • 7th century: Porcelain in Tang Dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.

8th century[edit]

  • 700 AD: Manmade pinhole camera, still extant, in the Virupaksha Temple in Karnataka, India, during the Chalukyas of Vatapi.

9th century[edit]

A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese samurai during the Mongol invasions of Japan after founding the Yuan Dynasty, 1281.

  • 9th century: Gunpowder in Tang Dynasty China: Gunpowder is, according to prevailing academic consensus, discovered in the 9th century by Chinese alchemists searching for an elixir of immortality. Evidence of gunpowder's first use in China comes from the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (618–907). The earliest known recorded recipes for gunpowder are written by Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide in the Wujing Zongyao, a military manuscript compiled in 1044 during the Song Dynasty (960–1279).
  • 9th century: Degree-granting university in Morocco

10th century[edit]

  • 10th century: Fire lance in Song Dynasty China, developed in the 10th century with a tube of first bamboo and later on metal that shot a weak gunpowder blast of flame and shrapnel, its earliest depiction is a painting found at Dunhuang. Fire lance is the earliest firearm in the world and one of the earliest gunpowder weapons.
  • 10th century: Fireworks in Song Dynasty China: Fireworks first appear in China during the Song Dynasty (960–1279), in the early age of gunpowder. Fireworks could be purchased from market vendors; these were made of sticks of bamboo packed with gunpowder.

11th century[edit]

  • 11th century: Ambulance by Crusaders in Palestine and Lebanon
  • 11th century: Early versions of the Bessemer process are developed in China.
  • 11th century: Endless power-transmitting chain drive by Su Song for the development an astronomical clock (the Cosmic Engine)
  • 1088: Movable type in Song Dynasty China: The first record of a movable type system is in the Dream Pool Essays, which attributes the invention of the movable type to Bi Sheng.

12th century[edit]

  • 12th century: Bond trading in France.

13th century[edit]

  • 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China.
  • 13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe.
  • 13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening or closing clothes appear first in Germany.
  • 1277: Land mine in Song Dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song Dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.
  • 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy
  • 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song Dynasty city. The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs", coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.
  • 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan Dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan Dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used.
  • 13th or 14th century: worm gear cotton gin in Peninsular India (i.e. probably under the Yadava dynasty although may also be the Vijayanagara Empire or Bahmani Sultanate).

14th century[edit]

  • Early to Mid 1300s: Multistage rocket in Ming Dynasty China described in Huolongjing by Jiao Yu.
  • By at least 1326: Cannon in Ming Dynasty China
  • 14th century: Jacob's staff invented by Levi ben Gerson
  • 14th century: Naval mine in Ming Dynasty China: Mentioned in the Huolongjing military manuscript written by Jiao Yu (fl. 14th to early 15th century) and Liu Bowen (1311–1375), describing naval mines used at sea or on rivers and lakes, made of wrought iron and enclosed in an ox bladder. A later model is documented in Song Yingxing's encyclopedia written in 1637.The 15th-century invention of the printing press with movable type by the German Johannes Gutenberg.

15th century[edit]

  • Early 15th century: Coil spring in Europe
  • 15th century: Mainspring in Europe
  • 15th century: Rifle in Europe
  • 1420s: Brace in Flandres, Holy Roman Empire
  • 1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.
  • Mid 15th Century: The Arquebus (also spelled Harquebus) is invented, possibly in Spain.
  • 1451: Caravel, a small, highly-maneuverable sailing ship developed by the Portuguese
  • 1480s: Mariner's astrolabe in Portuguese circumnavigation of Africa

16th century[edit]

  • 1560: Floating Dry Dock in Venice, Venetian Republic
  • 1569: Mercator Projection map created by Gerardus Mercator
  • 1589: Stocking frame: Invented by William Lee.
  • 1594: Backstaff: Invented by Captain John Davis.
  • By at least 1597: Revolver: Invented by Hans Stopler.

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Hoogte van de sfeer boven de polen, de evenaar en boven Nederland. Onderdelen van de sfeer. Grenzen van de sfeer


Boven de poolgebieden is de troposfeer 8 kilometer hoog. In Nederland is de troposfeer 10 kilometer hoog. In de tropen is de troposfeer 16 kilometer hoog. Het onderste deel van de troposfeer heet de planetaire grenslaag (PGL) of ook wel atmosferische grenslaag. Boven de PGL heb je de vrije atmosfeer. De bovenkant de van de troposfeer heet de tropopauze. Deze vormt de grens tussen de troposfeer en de volgende laag: de stratosfeer. Kenmerk van de troposfeer is dat de temperatuur met 6,5 graden Celsius afneemt als je 1000 meter hoger komt. In de stratosfeer neemt de temperatuur juist weer toe. De temperatuur boven in de troposfeer is -55 graden Celsius.

De temperatuur daalt omdat de lucht van onder verwarmd wordt door de aarde. De aarde weerkaatst namelijk het warme zonlicht. Die warmte wordt opgenomen in de lucht. Hoger in de lucht dringt minder straling door en wordt ook minder opgenomen omdat de luchtdruk afneemt. In de tropopauze verandert de temperatuur bijna niet. Vliegtuigen vliegen net onder de tropopauze. De motoren van de vliegtuigen werken beter bij koudere temperaturen.

De luchtdruk onder in de troposfeer is ongeveer 1 bar (om precies te zijn 1013 millibar) groot. Tot 4000 meter hoogte neemt de luchtdruk gemiddeld per 8 meter, 1 millibar af. Op 4000 meter hoogte is de luchtdruk dus ongeveer 613 millibar. De lucht is hier ijl. Ademen gaat daardoor moeilijker. Troposfeer [bewerken] Planetaire grenslaag

De planetaire grenslaag is vanaf het aardoppervlak tussen de 200 meter en 2 kilometer dik. Dat is afhankelijk van het soort aardoppervlak en het tijdstip van de dag. Kenmerk van de PGL is dat het veel invloed heeft op het weer. Dat doet het op verschillende manieren. De wind die langs het aardoppervlakte waait ondervindt wrijving van het aardoppervlak. Hierdoor ontstaat turbulentie. De aarde straalt de warmte die ze krijgt van de zon weer uit in de troposfeer. Zo ontstaat ook thermiek. De zonnestralen verwarmen op die manier de lucht. Vocht dat verdampt van de bodem en planten zorgen voor vochtigheid in de lucht. De rode streepjeslijn geeft de bovenkant van de planetaire grenslaag aan.

Het woord troposfeer is afgeleid van het Griekse woord tropos. Het Griekse woord tropos betekent "draaien" of "mengen". Zoals je net las is de lucht in de onderste laag van de troposfeer druk in beweging en is het daarom een passende naam.


[bewerken] Feiten over de troposfeer 

   * 80 procent van alle luchtmassa vind je in de troposfeer. Dit komt door de zwaartekracht van de aarde;
   * De lucht in de troposfeer zorgt ervoor dat we kunnen ademhalen;
   * de lucht in de troposfeer bestaat voor al uit stikstofgas en zuurstofgas;
   * doordat er veel waterdamp in de troposfeer zit, ontstaan hier ook de meeste wolken en neerslag.



Artikel over onweer

Artikel over elektriciteit (en elektrische ontlading)

Artikel over warme en koude luchtstromen

koufront en warmtefront


Een tornado.

Een tornado is een wervelwind. Een tornado lijkt op een draaikolk. Het is een trechtervormige slurf onder een wolk (cumulonimbus en soms cumulus) die contact maakt met de grond. Tornado's hebben verschillende vormen maar ziet er meestal uit als een wolk in de vorm van een trechter. Er om heen vliegen brokstukken. De windsnelheid in de meeste tornado's is minder dan 177 kilometer per uur. Ze zijn ongeveer 80 meter breed en leggen een paar kilometer voordat ze verdwijnen. De zwaartste tornado's halen windsnelheiden van 480 kilometer per uur, zijn meer dan drie kilometer breed en leggen meer dan 100 kilometer af. Behalve op de Zuidpool zijn er op elk werelddeel al wel tornado's voorgekomen. De meeste tornado's komen voor in Tornado Alley, een gebied in Noord-Amerika. In Amerika zijn zo'n 1300 tornado's per jaar. De meeste tornado's komen voor van april tot juni (het tornadoseizoen).

Tornado-alley, hoe donkerder de plek des te meer tornado's komen er voor.

Hoe ontstaat een tornado

De meest heftige tornado's ontstaan in een zware onweersbui. Zo'n onweersbui heet een supercel. Een supercel is een ronddraaiende onweersbui. In de onweersbui draait een wervelwind omhoog. Deze wervelwind (met een moeilijk woord mesocycloon)...


  1. Een tornado ontstaat als een koude lucht en een warme lucht elkaar ontmoeten. De koude lucht schuurt langs de warme lucht. De warme lucht word opgeladen en stijgt omhoog doordat de warme lucht is opgeladen is het een onweerswolk.
  2. Op dat moment komt de tornado. Als er een tornado ontstaat gaan de wolken rond draaien.
  3. Als ze heel snel draaien komt er een klein stuk omlaag.
  4. Nu worden de tornado's even magnetisch; de aarde is een magneet en de tornado is een magneet, daarom trekken ze zich naar elkaar.
  5. Als de tornado de grond aanraakt verwoest hij alles wat hem in de weg staat zoals houten huizen, auto's en bomen.

Soorten tornado's

Er zijn verschillende tornado`s zoals:


Bestand:Windhoos.jpg
Windhoos
Bestand:Tornado met meer trechters.jpg
Tornado met meer trechters
Bestand:Waterhoos.jpg
Waterhoos
  • Stofhoos
  • Waterhoos
  • Wormale Tornado

Tornadokrachten

Hoe sterk een tornado is meet je met de schaal van Fujita. Tetsuya Theodore Fujita was een Japanse weerkundige. Zijn schaal geeft aan hoe snel de wind waait in een tornado en voor hoeveel schade de tornado zorgt.

Kracht Snelheden Omschrijving Voorbeeld 1 Voorbeeld 2
EF0 64–117 km/h Lichte schade F0 tornado damage example.jpg EF0 tornado damage example.jpg
EF1 118–180 km/h Matige schade F1 tornado damage example.jpg EF1 tornado damage example.jpg
EF2 181–251 km/h Aanzienlijke schade F2 tornado damage example.jpg EF2 tornado damage example (1).jpg
EF3 252–330 km/h Ernstige schade F3 tornado damage example.jpg EF3 tornado damage example.jpg
EF4 331–417 km/h Zeer zware schade F4 tornado damage example.jpg EF4 tornado damage example.jpg
EF5 > 418 km/h Catastrofaal F5 tornado damage example.jpg EF5 tornado damage example.jpg

Er zijn verschilende tornadokrachten.

Zie ook

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